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NEW QUESTION # 160
A new reusable software component that handles sensor management has been developed. It will be used in manufacturing processes that work at SIL 2 and avionics systems where failure could lead to a "major" incident. The code contains no loops but does contain decisions with multiple conditions. Which of the following would be the BEST structure-based testing option for the new software?
Answer: C
Explanation:
* Context of the Problem:
* The software component handles sensor management.
* It is used in manufacturing processes that work at SIL 2 and avionics systems.
* Failure could lead to a "major" incident.
* The code contains decisions with multiple conditions and no loops.
* Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 2:
* SIL 2 indicates that the software must adhere to stringent safety standards.
* Avionics systems also require high safety standards due to the potential consequences of failure.
* Testing Options:
* MC/DC (Modified Condition/Decision Coverage):
* MC/DC is essential for high-integrity and safety-critical systems like avionics.
* Ensures each condition in a decision has been shown to independently affect the outcome.
* Required by standards such as DO-178C for avionics software at certain levels.
* API Coverage:
* Focuses on testing the interfaces between components.
* Important but not sufficient alone for high-integrity, safety-critical systems.
* Decision Coverage:
* Ensures that each decision point (i.e., if statements) is evaluated as both true and false.
* Less comprehensive than MC/DC for safety-critical applications.
* Statement Coverage:
* Ensures that each statement in the code has been executed at least once.
* Basic level of coverage, insufficient for safety-critical systems like those at SIL 2.
* Best Option:
* Given the high safety requirements (SIL 2, major incident potential), MC/DC coverage is the best option. It provides a thorough level of testing needed to meet safety standards.
NEW QUESTION # 161
Which TWO of the following are generic PRODUCT risk factors that should be considered by a Technical Test Analyst?
a)A high number of performance efficiency defects in the software
b)Inaccurate arithmetic calculations in key business areas cj Particularly complex code d) Communication issues with geographically distributed teams e) Usability-' issues with the design of the user interface
Answer: D
Explanation:
The question asks for generic product risk factors that should be considered by a Technical Test Analyst. Here are the detailed reasons for each of the options:
* a) A high number of performance efficiency defects in the software: This is indeed a significant product risk. Performance efficiency defects can severely affect the user experience and the overall performance of the system, making it a crucial factor for technical test analysts to consider.
* b) Inaccurate arithmetic calculations in key business areas: While this is critical, it is more of a functional risk specific to the business domain rather than a generic product risk. It concerns the accuracy of the system's operations rather than its overall quality attributes.
* c) Particularly complex code: Complex code is a generic product risk factor because it can lead to increased chances of defects, difficulties in maintenance, and challenges in achieving good test coverage. Complex code often requires more rigorous testing to ensure reliability.
* d) Communication issues with geographically distributed teams: This is a project risk rather than a product risk. While it can affect the testing process and coordination, it does not directly relate to the inherent risks in the product itself.
* e) Usability issues with the design of the user interface: Usability issues are indeed significant but are more specific to the user experience aspect rather than being a broad product risk factor.
From the analysis, the generic product risk factors that stand out are "a high number of performance efficiency defects" and "particularly complex code," making the correct answer B. a and c.
This answer is validated by referring to the ISTQB CTAL-TTA syllabus and sample exam answers, which emphasize the importance of performance efficiency defects and code complexity as key product risk factors.
NEW QUESTION # 162
Which of the following is a generic risk factor that should be considered by a Technical Test Analyst during a product risk analysis?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A Technical Test Analyst during a product risk analysis would consider the complexity of new technology as a generic risk factor. Complex new technology can introduce uncertainties and potential issues that may not be well-understood, which can increase the risk of defects. Frequency of use, visibility of failure, and high change rate of business requirements are also valid considerations, but they are more specific to particular scenarios or aspects of the product rather than the generic technological complexity which is always a concern regardless of the context.
NEW QUESTION # 163
Below is pseudo-code which calculates a customer's cruise credits based on past cruise history:
PROGRAM CALC CRUISE CREDITS (CUST_ID)
COUNT_CRUISES, CRUISE_CREDITS, LOYALTY_RATING: INTEGER
CRUISE_LENGTH, CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE: VAR
LOYALTY_RATING = 0
COUNT_CRUISES = 0
CRUISE_LENGTH = 0
CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE = 0
BEGIN
READ CUSTOMER'S CRUISE HISTORY TO OBTAIN COUNT OF CRUISES
READ CRUISE_HISTORY (CUST_ID)
WHILE COUNT_CRUISES != -1 DO
READ CUSTOMER'S NEXT CRUISE
READ NEXT_CRUISE
IF CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE = 3 THEN
CRUISE_CREDITS = CRUISE_CREDITS + 5
ELSE
IF CRUISE_ACCOM_TYPE = 2 THEN
CRUISE_CREDITS = CRUISE_CREDITS + 3
ELSE
CRUISE_CREDITS = CRUISE_CREDITS + 2
ENDIF
ENDIF
COUNT_CRUISES = COUNT_CRUISES - 1
ENDWHILE
LOYALTY_RATING = CRUISE_CREDITS / COUNT_CRUISES
WRITE ("CRUISE CREDIT TOTAL IS:")
WRITE (CRUISE_CREDITS)
END PROGRAM CALC CRUISE CREDITS
The variable Cruise_Length (line 3) results in which type of data flow anomaly?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A data flow anomaly occurs when a variable is used in an illogical manner within a program. The anomalies are typically classified into the following categories:
* Defined but not Used (d-u): A variable is assigned a value, but the value is never utilized.
* Declared but not Defined (d): A variable is declared but not given an initial value.
* Killed before being Defined (k-d): A variable is released or nullified before any value is assigned to it.
* Defined twice before Use (d-d): A variable is assigned a value multiple times without being used between definitions.
In the given pseudocode, Cruise_Length is declared at the beginning but it is neither assigned any value (defined) nor used anywhere in the program. This makes it a case of "Defined but not Used".
References:
* This explanation is derived from standard definitions and explanations of data flow anomalies in the context of software testing and static analysis, which are part of the ISTQB CTAL-TTA syllabus and testing principles.
NEW QUESTION # 164
As a technical test analyst, you are involved in a risk analysis session using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis technique. You are calculating risk priorities. Which of the following are the major factors in this exercise?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a structured approach to identify and address potential failures in a system, product, process, or service. The major factors involved in calculating risk priorities in FMEA are typically the severity of the potential failure, its likelihood of occurrence, and the ability to detect it. These factors are usually combined to form a Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each potential failure mode identified.
However, the specific factors mentioned in the options like functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, efficiency, and portability are quality characteristics that could be considered in an FMEA analysis but are not directly used for calculating risk priorities. Likewise, financial damage, frequency of use, and external visibility might influence the severity or impact of a failure, but they are not standard factors in calculating risk priorities in the context of FMEA. Therefore, the most relevant factors for calculating risk priorities in an FMEA context would typically be the likelihood of the failure occurring and its potential impact, which aligns with option C: Likelihood and impact.
It's important to note that while these explanations are based on general principles and practices related to fault seeding and FMEA, the specifics might vary slightly in different contexts or with different methodologies.
NEW QUESTION # 165
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